國外劇院的建(jian)設,基(ji)本(ben)上(shang)是以(yi)政府投(tou)資為主,少(shao)數輔以(yi)民間資助。
歐洲的(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)大(da)(da)多數是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于百年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)以前的(de)(de)(de)老劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),當地政(zheng)府(fu)對(dui)老劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)改造都有一(yi)(yi)些(xie)具體的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)。如巴(ba)黎(li)市政(zheng)府(fu)規(gui)定(ding)(ding),對(dui)巴(ba)黎(li)歌(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)老劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)要定(ding)(ding)期進(jin)行維(wei)修,每(mei)隔(ge)30年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)作一(yi)(yi)次(ci)大(da)(da)修。因為(wei)歌(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)公(gong)益性的(de)(de)(de)項目(mu),所(suo)(suo)以全部(bu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)由(you)政(zheng)府(fu)承(cheng)擔。巴(ba)黎(li)歌(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于1865年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),經(jing)過幾次(ci)維(wei)修后,2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)政(zheng)府(fu)又投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)幾千萬美(mei)(mei)(mei)金(jin)對(dui)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)包括(kuo)門(men)廳等(deng)在內進(jin)行大(da)(da)修。巴(ba)士底獄歌(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)加(jia)拿(na)大(da)(da)設(she)計師卡洛(luo)斯·奧特先生設(she)計、1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)新建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成的(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan),建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)10萬平(ping)方(fang)米(mi),政(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)28億(yi)(yi)法郎,相當于4億(yi)(yi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)全部(bu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin);洛(luo)杉機柯達劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)2萬平(ping)方(fang)米(mi),劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)觀眾(zhong)座位3500席,由(you)好(hao)萊(lai)塢(wu)市政(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)9400萬美(mei)(mei)(mei)金(jin),2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成投(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)使(shi)用;美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)費(fei)城(cheng)克(ke)莫爾(er)藝(yi)術(shu)中心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成于2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)12月,有一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)2400座的(de)(de)(de)音(yin)樂(le)廳,一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)600座的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)變劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)25400平(ping)方(fang)米(mi),總投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)2.7億(yi)(yi)元美(mei)(mei)(mei)金(jin),其中政(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)2.4億(yi)(yi)元美(mei)(mei)(mei)金(jin),民(min)間(jian)克(ke)莫爾(er)個(ge)(ge)人捐贈3000萬美(mei)(mei)(mei)金(jin),所(suo)(suo)以政(zheng)府(fu)用克(ke)莫爾(er)名字(zi)命名為(wei)克(ke)莫爾(er)藝(yi)術(shu)中心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin);加(jia)拿(na)大(da)(da)蒙特利(li)爾(er)市圣(sheng)地藝(yi)術(shu)中心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),藝(yi)術(shu)中心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)共(gong)有大(da)(da)小(xiao)5個(ge)(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),總投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)10億(yi)(yi)加(jia)元,由(you)政(zheng)府(fu)全額(e)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she);日(ri)(ri)本滋賀縣(xian)立藝(yi)術(shu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),有大(da)(da)小(xiao)3個(ge)(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),占地2萬平(ping)方(fang)米(mi),建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)2.9萬平(ping)方(fang)米(mi),總投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(不(bu)包括(kuo)土地)250億(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)元,由(you)政(zheng)府(fu)全額(e)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi);韓(han)(han)國(guo)全州(zhou)韓(han)(han)國(guo)之(zhi)聲大(da)(da)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan),建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)10萬平(ping)方(fang)米(mi),2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成投(tou)(tou)(tou)入(ru)使(shi)用,總投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)2138億(yi)(yi)韓(han)(han)元,其中舞臺設(she)備250億(yi)(yi)韓(han)(han)元,全部(bu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)經(jing)費(fei)由(you)政(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)類由(you)政(zheng)府(fu)全額(e)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)。第二類是(shi)由(you)財團(tuan)或民(min)間(jian)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)。如拉斯維(wei)加(jia)斯凱(kai)撒(sa)宮(gong)朱白莉(li)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),是(shi)由(you)凱(kai)撒(sa)宮(gong)朱白莉(li)酒店為(wei)席琳·迪(di)翁簽約演出投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)用劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang);美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)鹽湖城(cheng)會議中心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),有一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)2.1萬個(ge)(ge)觀眾(zhong)席位的(de)(de)(de)會議中心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)兼超大(da)(da)型音(yin)樂(le)廳和(he)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)900席的(de)(de)(de)演出劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),是(shi)由(you)摩門(men)教教會出資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造的(de)(de)(de),1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)開始建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she),2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)完工。這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)個(ge)(ge)人和(he)團(tuan)體投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)并不(bu)是(shi)太多,大(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)仍是(shi)由(you)政(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)興建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)。
國外劇院的經營管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)模式是與(yu)建設投資主(zhu)體聯系在一起的,基(ji)本上采取誰投資、誰經營、誰管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的原則。根據投資形式,大(da)體上可分(fen)成(cheng)政府(fu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)、財團管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)和(he)股份制(zhi)幾種形式,其中以政府(fu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)為最多。
1、政府(fu)管理制。所謂(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制就是(shi)指由(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)直接組(zu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)獨(du)(du)資(zi)形式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si),實施(shi)對(dui)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)美因茲大劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)于100年前,1999年在(zai)保(bao)留外殼(ke)不(bu)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下,對(dui)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)行(xing)全面改造(zao)。僅舞臺(tai)設(she)(she)備和(he)燈光、音(yin)響設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改造(zao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)費(fei)(fei)(fei)就用(yong)了3100萬(wan)(wan)馬(ma)(ma)克(ke),所有(you)(you)(you)(you)改造(zao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)費(fei)(fei)(fei)全部由(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)州(zhou)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)和(he)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)各承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)50%,劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)包括3個(ge)(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)團(tuan),共有(you)(you)(you)(you)演(yan)(yan)職員(yuan)(yuan)和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)500人(ren)(ren)(ren)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)將(jiang)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)獨(du)(du)資(zi)公(gong)(gong)司(si),公(gong)(gong)司(si)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立董事會(hui),董事及高層管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)均(jun)由(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部門派(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。在(zai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)班子中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)設(she)(she)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)名總(zong)裁,負(fu)責劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全面工(gong)作(zuo),另(ling)外設(she)(she)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)名技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)副總(zong)裁和(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)名財(cai)務副總(zong)裁。德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)把劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)列為(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)益(yi)性文化設(she)(she)施(shi),不(bu)要(yao)求(qiu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以(yi)盈(ying)利為(wei)(wei)(wei)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),并認為(wei)(wei)(wei)要(yao)求(qiu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)做到收(shou)(shou)(shou)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)平衡或產生(sheng)盈(ying)利是(shi)不(bu)可思議(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)要(yao)求(qiu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必(bi)須多演(yan)(yan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu),而(er)不(bu)必(bi)去考慮經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)。因為(wei)(wei)(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)投資(zi)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主要(yao)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)提供(gong)廣大市(shi)(shi)民(min)以(yi)享受(shou)文化藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權利,因此在(zai)規定(ding)票價上要(yao)大眾(zhong)化,要(yao)使廣大市(shi)(shi)民(min)都能買得起戲票。該(gai)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)4000萬(wan)(wan)馬(ma)(ma)克(ke),劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)通過演(yan)(yan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)約(yue)(yue)占費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)20%,80%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)由(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)補(bu)貼,州(zhou)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)與市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)各補(bu)貼50%。德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)德(de)紹劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)于1938年,由(you)(you)(you)當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)州(zhou)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)和(he)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)共同出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)資(zi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she),2001年政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)投資(zi)3000萬(wan)(wan)馬(ma)(ma)克(ke)進(jin)行(xing)改造(zao)。該(gai)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)觀(guan)眾(zhong)座位1100席,包括劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)團(tuan)共390人(ren)(ren)(ren)。劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)由(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)組(zu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)類(lei)似國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)獨(du)(du)資(zi)公(gong)(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)團(tuan)法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)機構管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部門派(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)財(cai)團(tuan)法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)代表,劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)設(she)(she)總(zong)監(jian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)副總(zong)監(jian)和(he)財(cai)務若(ruo)干人(ren)(ren)(ren),實施(shi)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)常(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。該(gai)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演(yan)(yan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)票價一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)在(zai)5—16歐元一(yi)(yi)(yi)張左右。劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年總(zong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)約(yue)(yue)2800萬(wan)(wan)—3000萬(wan)(wan)馬(ma)(ma)克(ke),演(yan)(yan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)占總(zong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)8—12%,政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)補(bu)貼約(yue)(yue)占90%,補(bu)貼經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)費(fei)(fei)(fei)由(you)(you)(you)州(zhou)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)與市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)各承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)50%。德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)萊比錫歌劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)設(she)(she)有(you)(you)(you)(you)觀(guan)眾(zhong)座位1400席,劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)由(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)派(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)成(cheng)(cheng)立董事會(hui),設(she)(she)有(you)(you)(you)(you)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)總(zong)監(jian),3個(ge)(ge)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)主管(guan)(guan)(guan),所有(you)(you)(you)(you)職員(yuan)(yuan)享受(shou)如公(gong)(gong)務員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)待遇,政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)不(bu)給劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)下達經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)指標(biao),但要(yao)求(qiu)必(bi)須經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)常(chang)演(yan)(yan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu),日(ri)常(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)費(fei)(fei)(fei)由(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)撥款(kuan)(kuan)。法(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)巴黎歌劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)巴士(shi)底獄歌劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩個(ge)(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體進(jin)行(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),由(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部門派(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)總(zong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)副總(zong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),在(zai)日(ri)常(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)運作(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)給予(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)費(fei)(fei)(fei)保(bao)障。兩個(ge)(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)開(kai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大約(yue)(yue)9000萬(wan)(wan)法(fa)(fa)郎,政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)每(mei)(mei)年補(bu)貼65%,約(yue)(yue)6000萬(wan)(wan)法(fa)(fa)郎,自營(ying)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)3000萬(wan)(wan)法(fa)(fa)郎。加(jia)拿(na)大蒙特利爾市(shi)(shi)圣(sheng)地藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin),建(jian)(jian)(jian)于1982年,藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)設(she)(she)有(you)(you)(you)(you)大小5個(ge)(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang),共有(you)(you)(you)(you)觀(guan)眾(zhong)座位總(zong)數(shu)6390席。藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)業主為(wei)(wei)(wei)蒙特利爾市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)不(bu)設(she)(she)獨(du)(du)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)機構,也(ye)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)成(cheng)(cheng)立公(gong)(gong)司(si),而(er)是(shi)由(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)招聘一(yi)(yi)(yi)些專業技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)組(zu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)團(tuan)體機構對(dui)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)進(jin)行(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)每(mei)(mei)年撥款(kuan)(kuan)1500萬(wan)(wan)加(jia)元用(yong)于藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)、技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)資(zi)和(he)日(ri)常(chang)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)開(kai)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。圣(sheng)地藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)票價在(zai)25—150加(jia)元之間。在(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),還有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)形式就是(shi)采取收(shou)(shou)(shou)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兩條線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)辦法(fa)(fa)。例如維也(ye)納(na)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),由(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)派(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)財(cai)務人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)歌劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立獨(du)(du)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)票務管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)機構。所有(you)(you)(you)(you)票款(kuan)(kuan)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)扣除(chu)成(cheng)(cheng)本費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)外全部上交政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)所需費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)由(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)全額撥款(kuan)(kuan)。
2、財團管理制。財(cai)(cai)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)管(guan)理(li)就(jiu)是政(zheng)府將劇(ju)(ju)(ju)院建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個財(cai)(cai)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)法(fa)人(ren)機構(gou)進行管(guan)理(li)。如日本(ben)濱松藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)城設(she)有(you)演出、會議、展示等功(gong)能,分(fen)(fen)別由(you)(you)政(zheng)府和(he)民間財(cai)(cai)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)共同投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)。藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)城建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)后,由(you)(you)財(cai)(cai)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)組(zu)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)有(you)限公司(si)(si)(si)進行管(guan)理(li)。藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)城年(nian)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)收入7億日元(yuan),運營(ying)(ying)(ying)費用19億日元(yuan),收支(zhi)差(cha)額(e)12億日元(yuan),差(cha)額(e)部分(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)別由(you)(you)政(zheng)府和(he)財(cai)(cai)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)按比例撥款補(bu)貼。日本(ben)東京新(xin)國(guo)立(li)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang),有(you)大(da)小三個演出劇(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang),大(da)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)1800座(zuo)(zuo),中(zhong)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)1000座(zuo)(zuo),小劇(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)440座(zuo)(zuo)。新(xin)國(guo)立(li)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)由(you)(you)政(zheng)府投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)建(jian)(jian)造,建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)后成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)了新(xin)國(guo)立(li)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)運營(ying)(ying)(ying)財(cai)(cai)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)作為劇(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)財(cai)(cai)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)法(fa)人(ren)進行運營(ying)(ying)(ying)管(guan)理(li)。日本(ben)滋(zi)賀(he)縣琵琶湖(hu)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin),建(jian)(jian)設(she)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)250億日元(yuan),由(you)(you)縣政(zheng)府全額(e)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi),1994年(nian)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)籌建(jian)(jian)機構(gou),1996年(nian)先于藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)之前就(jiu)正式組(zu)建(jian)(jian)了管(guan)理(li)機構(gou)——財(cai)(cai)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)法(fa)人(ren),1998年(nian)9月藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)對外開放。目前經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)管(guan)理(li)由(you)(you)管(guan)理(li)公司(si)(si)(si)——財(cai)(cai)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)法(fa)人(ren)負責(ze)。藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)平均使用率在(zai)60%—70%之間,每年(nian)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)收入2—3億日元(yuan),年(nian)費用開支(zhi)約18億日元(yuan),差(cha)額(e)部分(fen)(fen)由(you)(you)政(zheng)府補(bu)貼給管(guan)理(li)公司(si)(si)(si)。洛杉磯柯(ke)(ke)達(da)(da)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)由(you)(you)好萊塢市政(zheng)府投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi),建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)后交給柯(ke)(ke)達(da)(da)公司(si)(si)(si)進行管(guan)理(li),由(you)(you)柯(ke)(ke)達(da)(da)公司(si)(si)(si)每年(nian)資(zi)(zi)(zi)助(zhu)(zhu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)日常運行經(jing)費(資(zi)(zi)(zi)助(zhu)(zhu)經(jing)費屬商業機密,不肯告知),柯(ke)(ke)達(da)(da)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)(chang)主要用于電視(shi)轉播用。據介紹門票比較(jiao)好賣(mai),上座(zuo)(zuo)率也比較(jiao)高,票價一(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)200—300美金(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)張,一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)演出約200場(chang)(chang)(chang)左右,加(jia)上柯(ke)(ke)達(da)(da)公司(si)(si)(si)資(zi)(zi)(zi)助(zhu)(zhu),基本(ben)上能達(da)(da)到(dao)收支(zhi)平衡。
3、股份制(zhi)。這種(zhong)管理(li)模式(shi)的(de)劇場(chang)不是(shi)很多。其中意(yi)大利米(mi)蘭斯(si)卡拉大劇院,該(gai)劇院實行公司制形式(shi)進行經營(ying)管理(li),把劇場(chang)股(gu)(gu)份(fen)制分(fen)成國家股(gu)(gu)和(he)私(si)人(ren)股(gu)(gu),國家股(gu)(gu)占(zhan)(zhan)50%,私(si)人(ren)股(gu)(gu)占(zhan)(zhan)50%。收支(zhi)相(xiang)抵后(hou)的(de)差額部(bu)分(fen),按(an)比率(lv)分(fen)別由政府和(he)私(si)人(ren)予以補貼和(he)資助。 |